Legal Separation and Your Marriage-Based Green Card

If you are seeking a green card, and eventually U.S. citizenship, based on marriage to a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, one of the most important requirements is that the marriage be bona fide— that is, not a sham to get a green card. The fact that you and your spouse separate doesn't automatically cause U.S. immigration authorities to believe that you have entered into a sham or fraudulent marriage. But the separation can, depending on timing, make getting a green card difficult, as described below.

We're assuming here that the separation is an actual court-ordered or otherwise written agreement in which you and your spouse have decided to live separately and apart. Simply living in two different places, for other reasons than to put your marriage on hold, is not considered a separation, and should not affect your immigration status—although it will make it harder to convince the immigration authorities that your marriage is the real thing.

Typical Procedure of Obtaining U.S. Green Card—And Eventual U.S. Citizenship—Through Marriage

Obtaining a green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident is a multi-step process, which takes several years to complete. First, the U.S. citizen or resident must file a petition on your behalf (Form I-130).

Once that's approved, and if your U.S. spouse is a permanent resident (not a citizen), you wait, sometimes up to five years, for a visa to become available. (Due to annual limits and high demand, a waiting list often forms; but not always, and there was no wait in early 2022.) This particular waiting period isn't a concern for spouses of U.S. citizens, for whom the law sets no limits on visa availability.

Next (or at the same time as the I-130 if you're already legally in the U.S. or for some other reason eligible to adjust status), you file your own application for a green card. This might be done either in the U.S. (if you're adjusting status) or through the National Visa Center (NVC) and then an overseas consulate.

As the final step in that application process, you attend an interview. Again, this is either at a U.S. consulate or, if you're adjusting status, at a U.S. office of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

You are granted U.S. residence either at your adjustment of status interview or, following your receipt of an immigrant visa from an overseas U.S. consulate, upon entering the United States.

If, however, your marriage is less than two years old at the time you are either approved by USCIS or enter the U.S. on your immigrant visa, you are not granted permanent residence yet. Instead, you receive conditional residence, which expires after two years. Within the 90 days before the expiration date, you and your U.S. spouse must file a joint I-751 petition asking that the conditions be removed and that you be granted permanent residence (which doesn't expire, although you have to get a new card every ten years).

You can file for U.S. citizenship (naturalization) after having had the green card for five years if your spouse is a permanent resident, or three years if your spouse is a U.S. citizen and you've been both married and living together all that time.

Effect of Legal Separation at Various Points in the Above Process

The farther you've gotten in your quest for a green card, the better your ability to overcome a legal separation. Here's what usually happens:

• If you are already legally separated at the time of your green card application or interview, whether you will be approved for permanent resident status through your spouse depends partly on state law. In some U.S. states, a legal separation is a preface to divorce, or becomes a divorce automatically after a certain time period, in which case the immigration authorities are likely to consider the legal separation as equivalent to a divorce and deny the green card. But in other states, where a separation is less certain to lead to divorce, some immigrants have succeeded in obtaining a green card despite the legal separation. This usually involves providing evidence that the marriage remains very real, it's just got troubles. For example, you might need to submit statements from your marriage counselor. Consult a local lawyer for the latest advice on this.
• If you received conditional residence before separating, then it's likely your U.S. spouse will be unwilling to file the joint petition on your behalf. Once you're actually divorced, you'll be able to apply for a waiver of the joint petition requirement and file for permanent residence on your own—which will require providing convincing evidence that your marriage was real in the first place. Because the timing here can be tricky if you're not actually divorced by the time your petition and waiver request are due, you will definitely want a lawyer's help. The lawyer might be able to have USCIS agree to delay a final decision on your request.
• If you have received permanent residence by the time of the separation, your current status will probably not be in danger. However, if you were hoping to apply for citizenship within three years of receiving your permanent residency, based on being married to and living with a U.S. citizen, you'll have to give that up and instead wait for five years. You are, after all, no longer living with a U.S. citizen. USCIS may also ask, most likely at your naturalization interview, for extra proof that the marriage that got you the green card was not a sham.

See an Expert

If you have separated and are hoping to obtain a U.S. green card through your marriage, you'll absolutely want to get a personal analysis of your situation from an experienced U.S. immigration attorney.