The unmarried children of a U.S. citizen, so long as they are under the age of 21, are eligible for U.S. green cards (lawful permanent residence). They are what's called "immediate relatives," meaning that they face no annual limits on the number of visas (green cards) given out in their category. They can receive a green card just as soon as they can get through the application process.
Another thing worth checking on: If you were a U.S. citizen when your child was born, your child might have already become a citizen, automatically.
Stepparents and stepchildren qualify as immediate relatives if the marriage creating the parent/child relationship took place before the child's 18th birthday. So, for example, if you are a U.S. citizen who married a foreign-born person, and you are applying for a green card for your spouse, you could, so long as you got married before the children turned 18, apply for green cards for them at the same time. (It doesn't matter if they turn 18 before the application process is done.)
Be aware that the married children of a U.S. citizen, or any children over 21, are considered "preference relatives." Annual limits apply to the availability of visas in their categories, resulting in waits of a few years, within the middle of the application process, until a visa becomes available. Learn more in How to Determine Your Priority Date for Immigration Purposes.
If you are the U.S. citizen parent wishing to sponsor a family member to immigrate, it will be up to you to take the first step in the process. This is to prepare and file Form I-130, issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
It's important to realize that every child of a U.S. citizen needs a separate I-130 filled out for him or her. You can't combine children on one form, and you can't (if you're also petitioning for a spouse), list them as children and expect them to be included automatically as "derivatives." Through a quirk in the law, petitioners with green cards who apply for their spouse and children can do it all with one I-130, but you, as a U.S. citizen petitioner, cannot.
You'll need to pay a nonrefundable fee along with Form I-130.
If your child already lives in the United States, then they might be eligible to adjust status—that is, apply for and receive a green card without having to leave and be interviewed at an overseas U.S. consulate. This is probably possible only if your child is either living in the U.S. legally with a visa or some other status, or entered with a visa or on the visa waiver program (even if the permitted stay has expired).
For more information on the forms and documents required, see What You Need to File I-485 for Adjustment of Status.
If your child is eligible to adjust status, then you don't have to wait for I-130 approval to apply for adjustment. Simply include the Form I-130 (with fee) in your adjustment of status packet when you send it to USCIS. If you're not sure about eligibility, have a lawyer help at this stage.
If your child lives outside the United States, then they will need to complete the process, including attending an interview, at a U.S. embassy or consulate in their home country.
For more information on the forms and documents required, see What Happens During Consular Processing?
At the consulate, the child should be given an immigrant visa, allowing entry into the United States. It's important to understand that your child is not a permanent resident yet. That happens only when the child enters the United States using the visa. For that reason, it's very important that the child not get married before entering the U.S., as described in Why Children Must Remain Unmarried Until Green Card Approval.